Crop Growth Monitoring by Hyperspectral and Microwave Remote Sensing

Methoden und Techniken der Fernerkundung fungieren als wichtige Hilfsmittel im regionalen Umweltmanagement. Um diese zu optimieren, untersucht die folgende Arbeit sowohl die Verwendung als auch Synergien verschiedener Sensoren aus unterschiedlichen Wellenlängenbereichen. Der Fokus liegt auf der Modellentwicklung zur Ableitung von Pflanzenparametern aus fernerkundlichen Bestandsmessungen sowie auf deren Bewertung. Zu den verwendeten komplementären Fernerkundungssystemen zählen die Sensoren EO-1 Hyperion und ALI, Envisat ASAR sowie TerraSAR-X. Für die optischen Hyper- und Multispektralsysteme werden die Reflexion verschiedener Spektralbereiche sowie die Performanz der daraus abgeleiteten Vegetationsindizes untersucht und bewertet. Im Hinblick auf die verwendeten Radarsysteme konzentriert sich die Untersuchung auf Parameter wie Wellenlänge, Einfallswinkel, Radarrückstreuung und Polarisation. Die Eigenschaften verschiedener Parameterkombinationen werden hierbei dargestellt und der komplementäre Beitrag der Radarfernerkundung zur Wachstumsüberwachung bewertet. Hierzu wurden zwei Testgebiete, eines für Winterweizen in der Nordchinesischen Tiefebene und eines für Reis im Nordosten Chinas ausgewählt. In beiden Gebieten wurden während der Wachstumsperioden umfangreiche Feldmessungen von Bestandsparametern während der Satellitenüberflüge oder zeitnah dazu durchgeführt. Mit Hilfe von linearen Regressionsmodellen zwischen Satellitendaten und Biomasse wird die Sensitivität hyperspektraler Reflexion und Radarrückstreuung im Hinblick auf das Wachstum des Winterweizens untersucht. Für die optischen Daten werden drei verschiedene Modelvarianten untersucht: traditionelle Vegetationsindices berechnet aus Multispektraldaten, traditionelle Vegetationsindices berechnet aus Hyperspektraldaten sowie die Berechnung von Normalised Ratio Indices (NRI) basierend auf allen möglichen 2-Band Kombinationen im Spektralbereich zwischen 400 und 2500 nm. Weiterhin wird die gemessene Biomasse mit der gleichpolarisierten (VV) C-Band Rückstreuung des Envisat ASAR Sensors linear in Beziehung gesetzt. Um den komplementären Informationsgehalt von Hyperspektral und Radardaten zu nutzen, werden optische und Radardaten für die Parameterableitung kombiniert eingesetzt. Das Hauptziel für das Reisanbaugebiet im Nordosten Chinas ist das Verständnis über die kohärente Dualpolarimetrische X-Band Rückstreuung zu verschiedenen phänologischen Wachstumsstadien. Hierfür werden die gleichpolarisierte TerraSAR-X Rückstreuung (HH und VV) sowie abgeleitete polarimetrische Parameter untersucht und mit verschiedenen Ebenen im Bestand in Beziehung gesetzt. Weiterhin wird der Einfluss der Variation von Einfallswinkel und Auflösung auf die Bestandsparameterableitung quantifiziert. Neben der Signatur von HH und VV ermöglichen vor allem die polarimetrischen Parameter Phasendifferenz, Ratio, Koherenz und Entropy-Alpha die Bestimmung bestimmter Wachstumsstadien. Die Ergebnisse der Arbeit zeigen, dass die komplementären Fernerkundungssysteme Optik und Radar die Ableitung von Pflanzenparametern und die Bestimmung von Heterogenitäten in den Beständen ermöglichen. Die Synergien diesbezüglich müssen auch in Zukunft weiter untersucht werden, da neue und immer variablere Fernerkundungssysteme zur Verfügung stehen werden und das Umweltmanagement weiter verbessern können

Comparing Discounting of Potentially Real Rewards and Losses by Means of Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging

AimDelay discounting (DD) has often been investigated in the context of decision making whereby individuals attribute decreasing value to rewards in the distant future. Less is known about DD in the context of negative consequences. The aim of this pilot study was to identify commonalities and differences between reward and loss discounting on the behavioral as well as the neural level by means of computational modeling and functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI). We furthermore compared the neural activation between anticipation of rewards and losses.MethodWe conducted a study combining an intertemporal choice task for potentially real rewards and losses (decision-making) with a monetary incentive/loss delay task (reward/loss anticipation). Thirty healthy participants (age 18-35, 14 female) completed the study. In each trial, participants had to choose between a smaller immediate loss/win and a larger loss/win at a fixed delay of two weeks. Task-related brain activation was measured with fMRI.ResultsHyperbolic discounting parameters of loss and reward conditions were correlated (r = 0.56). During decision-making, BOLD activation was observed in the parietal and prefrontal cortex, with no differences between reward and loss conditions. During reward and loss anticipation, dissociable activation was observed in the striatum, the anterior insula and the anterior cingulate cortex.ConclusionWe observed behavior concurrent with DD in both the reward and loss condition, with evidence for similar behavioral and neural patterns in the two conditions. Intertemporal decision-making recruited the fronto-parietal network, whilst reward and loss anticipation were related to activation in the salience network. The interpretation of these findings may be limited to short delays and small monetary outcomes

Effect of different inorganic phosphorus sources on growth performance, digestibility, retention efficiency and discharge of nutrients in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

This study aims to evaluate the effect of different sources of inorganic phosphate, monosodium phosphate (MSP), monocalcium phosphate (MCP) and monoammonium phosphate (MAP), included in a diet for rainbow trout, on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, nutrient retention efficiency and discharge of nutrients to the water. Juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) with an initial weight of 120 g were fed for 56 days four experimental diets: basal diet containing 430 g kg−1 protein, 210 g kg−1 lipids and 6.7 g kg−1 total phosphorus (P) (Control), and three experimental diets consisting in the basal diet plus 4 g P kg−1 from MSP, MCP and MAP, respectively. Both MSP and MAP resulted in higher levels of P apparent digestibility (≈90%) compared to MCP (70%), increasing the dry matter digestibility of the nutrient in the feed. The retention efficiency of P in fish tissues was increased by nearly 15% units over the Control when MSP and MAP were used as P supplement, whereas in agreement with the lower digestibility observed in MCP, P retention efficiency from this phosphate source was lower than the other sources. Total P discharge to the water was similar for MSP, MCP and MAP (4.12–4.58 g kg−1 BW fish gain). However, fish fed with MCP showed higher solid/particulate P discharge to the water through faeces due to the lower digestibility of this P–source within the gut of the fish. Among the phosphate salts evaluated, fish fed MSP and MCP did not show differences for soluble or solid N discharged fractions. However, fish fed the diet supplemented with MAP released a higher amount of non–protein N fraction to the water, probably as undigested ammonium through the faeces released by fish.Fil: Morales, Gabriel Alejandro. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Unidad Ejecutora de Investigaciones en Producción Animal. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias. Unidad Ejecutora de Investigaciones en Producción Animal; ArgentinaFil: Azcuy, Rosendo Lucas. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Agronomía. Departamento de Producción Animal; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Casaretto, Matías Ezequiel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Unidad Ejecutora de Investigaciones en Producción Animal. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias. Unidad Ejecutora de Investigaciones en Producción Animal; ArgentinaFil: Márquez, Lorenzo. Universidad Católica de Temuco; ChileFil: Hernández, Adrián J.. Universidad Católica de Temuco; ChileFil: Gómez, Federico. Yara International ASA; NoruegaFil: Koppe, Wolfgang. Simplyfish AS; NoruegaFil: Mereu, Alessandro. Yara International ASA; Norueg

Feeding black soldier fly larvae (Hermetia illucens) reared on organic rest streams alters gut characteristics of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)

publishedVersio

Torula yeast in the diet of Atlantic salmon Salmo salar and the impact on growth performance and gut microbiome

publishedVersio

Phosphorus nutrition in farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar): life stage and temperature effects on bone pathologies

Bone health is important for a viable and ethically sound Atlantic salmon aquaculture industry. Two important risk factors for vertebral deformities are dietary phosphorus and water temperature. Here, we explore the interplay between these two factors during a full production of Atlantic salmon. Salmon were fed one of three diets (low 4.4–5.0 g kg−1, medium 7.1–7.6 g kg−1, or high 9.0–9.7 g kg−1 soluble phosphorus) from 3 to 500 g body weight, followed by a common diet of 7.3 g kg−1 soluble phosphorus until harvest size at 4 kg. Additional groups were included to investigate the effects of water temperatures of 10 vs 16 °C (low and high diets only) and the switching of dietary phosphorus levels (from low to medium or high, from medium to low or high, from high to low or medium), starting at seawater transfer (~100 g body weight) and lasting for 4 months (~500 g body weight). During the experimental feeding period, the low phosphorus diet caused reduced bone mineralization and stiffness and a greater prevalence of vertebral deformities, compared to the medium and high phosphorus diets. However, the prevalence of severely deformed fish at harvest was reduced by switching from the low to either the medium or high phosphorus diets for 4 months after seawater transfer, followed by rearing on the standard commercial feed. Concurrently, switching from either the medium or high to a low phosphorus diet for the same period following seawater transfer had no effect on vertebral deformities at harvest. The higher water temperature for 4 months following seawater transfer increased the severity of deformities at harvest, irrespective of dietary phosphorus. Finally, low dietary phosphorus was associated with increased fillet damage, due to ectopic connective tissue around the spine, at harvest. In conclusion, dietary phosphorus levels of 5 g kg−1 for the initial 4 months in seawater are more of a risk factor for vertebral pathologies if preceded by low, but not medium or high, dietary phosphorus in freshwater. However, dietary phosphorus levels may not play a role in temperature induced radiologically detectable vertebral pathologies. Under the reported growing conditions and diet compositions, a combination of 7.5–7.6 g kg−1 soluble phosphorus during freshwater and 5.0 g kg−1

Effect of different inorganic phosphorus sources on growth performance, digestibility, retention efficiency and discharge of nutrients in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

This study aims to evaluate the effect of different sources of inorganic phosphate, monosodium phosphate (MSP), monocalcium phosphate (MCP) and monoammonium phosphate (MAP), included in a diet for rainbow trout, on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, nutrient retention efficiency and discharge of nutrients to the water. Juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) with an initial weight of 120 g were fed for 56 days four experimental diets: basal diet containing 430 g kg(-1) protein, 210 g kg(-1) lipids and 6.7 g kg(-1) total phosphorus (P) (Control), and three experimental diets consisting in the basal diet plus 4 g P kg(-1) from MSP, MCP and MAP, respectively. Both MSP and MAP resulted in higher levels of P apparent digestibility (approximate to 90%) compared to MCP (70%), increasing the dry matter digestibility of the nutrient in the feed. The retention efficiency of P in fish tissues was increased by nearly 15% units over the Control when MSP and MAP were used as P supplement, whereas in agreement with the lower digestibility observed in MCP, P retention efficiency from this phosphate source was lower than the other sources. Total P discharge to the water was similar for MSP, MCP and MAP (4.12-4.58 g kg(-1) BW fish gain). However, fish fed with MCP showed higher solid/particulate P discharge to the water through faeces due to the lower digestibility of this P-source within the gut of the fish. Among the phosphate salts evaluated, fish fed MSP and MCP did not show differences for soluble or solid N discharged fractions. However, fish fed the diet supplemented with MAP released a higher amount of non-protein N fraction to the water, probably as undigested ammonium through the faeces released by fis